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Hamaxitus
Hamaxitus () was a ancient Greek city in the south-west of the Troad region of Anatolia which was considered to mark the boundary between the Troad and Aeolis.〔Pliny the Elder, ''Naturalis Historia'' 5.124.〕 Its surrounding territory was known in Greek as (''Hamaxitia''),〔Strabo 10.3.21.〕 and included the temple of Apollo Smintheus, the salt pans at Tragasai, and the Satnioeis river (modern Tuzla Çay).〔See below, History. The plain around the salt pans at Tragasai was known in Classical Antiquity as (''Halesion pedion''), 'the salt plain'.〕 It has been located on a rise called Beşiktepe near the village of Gülpınar (previously Külâhlı) in the Ayvacık district of Çanakkale Province, Turkey.〔Cook (1973) 231.〕
==Name==
Hamaxitus first appears in the Athenian tribute lists in the 425/4 BC as ''h'' (:hamakʰsiˈtos).〔''IG'' I3 71.III.129: ''h''[]; ''IG'' I3 77.IV.18: [ (square brackets indicating a restoration). For the divergent spellings, see Carusi (2003) 34-5.〕 However, this spelling reflects the influence of Attic Greek and is not a reliable guide to how Hamaxitans would have spelt or pronounced the name of their city.〔Carusi (2003) 35 n. 23.〕 Hamaxitus was located in an Aeolic-speaking area: Aeolic, like other so-called East Greek dialects, was psilotic and so, unlike Attic Greek, had lost the phoneme /h/. This retained /h/ is seen in the Attic spelling of Hamaxitus with an eta, which in Attic unlike other dialects represented (:h) rather than (:ɛː). Likewise, the use of the digraph -- (/khs/) for -- (/x/) reflects Attic, not Aeolic usage. The grapheme (''xi'') originally represented /ks/ (); it was a peculiarity of Attic (consistent with not being psilotic and therefore retaining audibly aspirated consonants) that /ks/ was pronounced /khs/ and so represented by the grapheme , as here in ''h''.〔Goodwin (1894) §28.3.〕 All other literary and epigraphic sources refer to and legends on the city's own coinage from the 4th century BC read (''AMAXI'', i.e. , ''Hamaxi(tos)'').〔The 'series 1' coinage (4th century BC): Bresson (2007) 150.〕 The city's name derives from (''hamaxa'') meaning 'wagon', hence the adjective (''hamaxitos''), 'traversed by wagons', 'carriage-road', 'high-road'.〔LSJ s.v. .〕 Remains of an ancient road have been identified leading away up the coast from the sheltered bay immediately below the rise on which the Classical city was located at Beşiktepe, indicating the name's origin.〔Cook (1973) 233-4. For other sites with similar etymologies, see Stephanus of Byzantium s.v. .〕
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